What Other People Dream About

What Other People Dream About Sleep and Dreaming Print Why People Have Similar Dreams By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 25, 2019 JGI/Jamie Grill / Getty Images More in Psychology Sleep and Dreaming Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Dreams can be mysterious, strange, confusing, or even amusing. Have you ever shared a dream with your friends and noticed that many people report having the same or similar types of dreams? Dreams Reflect Concerns About Daily Life According to dream researcher Calvin Hall, who collected and analyzed more than 10,000 dreams, the majority of our dreams tend to reflect concerns about daily life. Money, school, work, family, friends, and health are just a few of the most common things that people dream about. What researchers have also noticed is that there are a number of dream themes that tend to be quite common across different cultures. Events such as being chased, falling, or being naked in public are surprisingly common among people from all over the world. 9 Common Dreams and What They Supposedly Mean Other Discoveries by Dream Researchers Here are a number of other discoveries dream researchers found: People tend to dream about negative events a lot more frequently than they do about positive events. For example, people are more likely to dream about an attack or an argument than a friendly exchange with another person.External stimuli often influence dreams. For example, a person sleeping in a really hot room might dream about being in a sauna or being trapped in a sweltering desert with no water. If your alarm clock goes off, you might simply incorporate the noise into the story of your dream rather than actually waking to the sound.Mens dreams tend to contain more aggression, but women are more likely to dream about being the victims of aggression or a physical attack. Common Dreams Across Cultures So what are some of the most common things that people dream about? In one study that looked at differences between the dream content of American students and Japanese students, researchers found that: Being chased or physically attacked was the most common dream event for both American and Japanese students.The rest of the top five dream themes were falling, repeating an action over and over, school-related, for example, about teachers, students or homework, and being frozen with fear.Other common dream events for students in both cultures included sex, being late for an important event, seeing deceased people as if they were alive and the death of loved ones.Surprisingly, some of the least common dream themes included flying, failing an exam, and being naked. That Unusual Dream Probably Isnt so Unusual The next time you have what seems like a really unusual dream, remember this: youre definitely not alone. There are a lot of books out there that try to interpret the symbolic imagery of dreams in order to search for hidden, unconscious meanings. But in all probability, your dream probably relates to some element of your daily life and it most likely shares common elements with many other peoples dreams.

Persuassive Essay on Texting and Driving - 994 Words

Is it really that important to stay connected during every hour of the day? According to Ian Mulgrew, a journalist/author from Canada, â€Å"many accidents are blamed on distracted driving and most of the distractions are caused by cell phone usage.† Many drivers today have such busy lives and never have time to get the things they need to do complete in one day’s time. This leaves them to get things done while on the road. Checking emails is a top priority for Americans and since many have Smartphone’s, they will do it on the road as well as send text messages. There are many laws being established to try to prevent distracted driving from happening, although they can’t completely stop it. No matter what age the driver is, under no†¦show more content†¦Devices that allow parents to track teenagers while driving are thought to be most useful instead of wasting time making laws. â€Å"Texting bans haven’t reduced crashes at all,† says Adrian Lund. Just as Lund stated, some people feel the bans are useless and shouldn’t be put into effect in the first place. After a law was placed in California banning the use of text messaging while driving, the amount doubled, found by a study conducted by the Automobile Club of Southern California. As much as the government tries to prohibit texting while driving, they cannot stop it. There are some people who truly feel the laws against texting behind the wheel are not effective. Texting while driving puts many drivers’ lives in danger daily. Multiple people feel that staying connected to the outside world is more important than focusing on the road ahead, although it isn’t. It can harm others on the roads that are doing nothing other than trying to make it to their destination safely. If people would open their eyes to the dangers of texting while driving, less car accidents would take place every year and the roads would be much safer. Distracted drivers need to know the position they put others in as well as themselves. While behind the wheel, drivers should never direct their attention to their cell phone and should always keep their eyes on the

Red-Shouldered Hawk Facts

The red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) is a medium-sized North American hawk. It gets its common name from the rufous or reddish brown feathers on the shoulders of mature birds. Juveniles are colored differently from their parents and may be confused with juvenile broad-winged and red-tailed hawks. Fast Facts: Red-Shouldered Hawk Scientific Name: Buteo lineatusCommon Name: Red-shouldered hawkBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: 15-25 inches long; 35-50 inches wingspanWeight: 1-2 poundsLifespan: 20 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Eastern United States and Mexico; United States West CoastPopulation: IncreasingConservation Status: Least Concern Description Adult red-shouldered hawks have brown heads, red shoulders, reddish chests, and pale bellies marked with red bars. The reddish color is more pronounced in birds living in the western portion of their range. The hawks tails and wings have narrow white bars. Their legs are yellow. Juveniles are mostly brown, with dark streaks against a buff belly, and narrow white bands on an otherwise brown tail. Females are slightly larger and heavier than males. Females range from 19 to 24 inches and weigh around 1.5 pounds. Males measure 15 to 23 inches long and weigh about 1.2 pounds. The wingspan ranges from 35 to 50 inches. In flight, the red-shouldered hawk holds its wings forward when soaring and cups them while gliding. If flies with quick beats interspersed with glides. Juveniles are brown and buff with streaks on their bellies. cuatrok77 photo / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Red-shouldered hawks live on both the East and West Coast of North America. The eastern population lives from southern Canada south to Florida and eastern Mexico and west to the Great Plains. Part of the eastern population is migratory. The northern portion of the range is a breeding range, while the section from Texas into Mexico is a wintering range. In the west, the species lives from Oregon to Baja California. The western population is nonmigratory, although the bird do avoid higher elevations in winter. The hawks are forest raptors. Preferred habitats include hardwood forests, mixed forests, and deciduous swamps. They also occur in suburban locations near woodlands. Map of the red-shouldered hawk year-round range (green), breeding range (orange), and wintering range (blue).,. Scops /Â  Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International Diet and Behavior Like other raptors, red-shouldered hawks are carnivores. They hunt by sight and sound, seeking prey while perched on a tree top or power line or while soaring. They take prey up to their own weight, including rodents, rabbits, small snakes, lizards, birds, frogs, insects, crayfish, and fish. Occasionally, they may eat carrion, such as road-killed deer. Red-shouldered hawks may cache food to eat later. Reproduction and Offspring Red-shouldered hawks breed in wooded areas, usually near water. Like other hawks, they are monogamous. Courtship involves soaring, calling, and diving. The display involves either the pair or just the male and typically occurs at mid-day. Mating occurs between April and July. The pair builds a nest of sticks, which may also include moss, leaves, and bark. The female lays three or four blotchy lavender or brown eggs. Incubation takes between 28 and 33 days. The first chick hatches up to a week before the final one. Hatchlings weigh 1.2 ounces at birth. The female has the primary responsibility for incubation and brooding, while the male hunts, but sometimes the male cares for the eggs and chicks. While the young leave the nest around six weeks of age, they depend on their parents until they are 17 to 19 weeks old and may remain near the nest until the following mating season. Red-shouldered hawks become sexually mature at 1 or 2 years of age. Although the hawk may live 20 years, only half of the chicks survive the first year and few live to 10 years of age. The nesting success rate is only 30%, plus the birds face many predators at all stages of life. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categorizes the red-shouldered hawk as least concern with an increasing population. Although abundant prior to 1900, the hawk and other raptors were threatened up to the latter part of the 20th century. Conservation laws, the ban on the pesticide DDT, forest regrowth, and a ban on hunting have helped the red-shouldered hawk recover. Threats Deforestation has greatly diminished the red-shouldered hawks range. Threats to the hawk include poisoning from insecticides, pollution, logging, vehicle collision, and power line accidents. Sources BirdLife International 2016. Buteo lineatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22695883A93531542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695883A93531542.enFerguson-Lees, James and David A. Christie. Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin Harcoat, 2001. ISBN 0-618-12762-3.Rich, T.D., Beardmore, C.J., et al. Partners in Flight: North American Landbird Conservation Plan. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, 2004.Stewart, R. E. Ecology of a Nesting Red-Shouldered Hawk Population. The Wilson Bulletin, 26-35, 1949.Woodford, J. E.; Eloranta, C. A.; Rinaldi, A. Nest Density, Productivity, and Habitat Selection of Red-Shouldered Hawks in a Contiguous Forest. Journal of Raptor Research. 42 (2): 79, 2008. doi:10.3356/JRR-07-44.1

Advertisement on Tv Free Essays

string(84) " open space with their friends, so they won’t be able to have a healthy life\." IMPORTANCE of TELEVISION Today it is very common in industrialized countries for a household to have at least one television. In fact, it is so common that it is difficult to imagine a household without TV. This shows just how important television is. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisement on Tv or any similar topic only for you Order Now To understand how important television is, we can look at the variety of programs and valuable content it offers and the purposes it serves in daily life. First of all, there are many different types of programs on television. The viewer can watch a weather report to prepare for the day. Cartoons and sport provide relaxation and fun. School programs, documentaries and the news teach us about the world. And advertisements inform us about products and new ideas. Secondly, the content is very appealing because it is realistic and up to date. As TV is a medium that combines moving, color images and sound, it resembles real life, so the viewers can identify with what they see. Furthermore, modern technology means that the content is up to date, for example, news reports can be broadcast live and from all over the world. This means that information is available almost anywhere at any time. Finally, TV can be used to enhance many important aspects of everyday life. People seek entertainment and distraction, and TV can give us that in the form of films or cartoons. People want education, information and instruction because they are inquisitive and like to learn. TV gives us this in documentaries or educational programs, and in reports or cultural programs. People enjoy creativity, and TV gives us that in the work of all the people involved in creating clever film scripts, effective scenery, witty dialogues or magnificent camera shots. TV gives us the world, other cultures, other people, languages and ideas. It introduces us to knowledge. As we have seen, television offers us a wide range of valuable programs and content and serves many purposes in our daily lives. TV not only provides many types of programs with interesting and broad content, but it also serves to fulfill our needs in terms of entertainment and knowledge. TV is an integral and vital medium today. It can contribute positively to the education of society and people’s awareness of others, and it will continue to have a strong influence for many years to come Television is very important in human life. Because these day people has pressure of work and has lot of stress in mind. So television play important role to release pressure and stress byRockks Was this Helpful or Not Helpful Anonymous 74%Helpful It helps us to know what is happening all over the world through the discussions it educates us in the areas we are not familiar with by Anonymous Was this Helpful or Not Helpful Anonymous 77%Helpful Because without it most of us would be living without knowing what is happening elsewhere. by Anonymous Was this Helpful or Not Helpful Arnavcoool 64%Helpful Television has done a lot to our life. if we see the positive side then it is the only system that keeps us uptodate with the different happenings in the outside world. moreover entertainment which is the need of hour is being done by it,in many families it helps student life when they hear some news,watchenglish movies which in a way makes them little bit broad minded. over and above all it is a source of many usefull things that are really necessary to our daily life. byArnavcoool Was this Helpful or Not Helpful Anonymous 54%Helpful I like it cause its cool, and fun,,so yeah†¦. I love it by Anonymous Was this Helpful or Not Helpful Kristiw 44%Helpful It keeps us up to date on what is going on in the world if you watch the news. Also for us mothers with little ones(I have a 2 year old) it is a great source of entertainment and distraction so I can clean or cook for at least 15 to 20 minutes at a time†¦.. Lol byKristiw Was this Helpful or Not Helpful Anonymous 17%Helpful Television can helps us in our life if the Google TV device is attach with television. Google TV device is the beauty of television. Television entertainment is bored and incomplete without Google TV device. HDMI port is necessary for Google TV device. With Google TV device,we can browse internet on TV. We can enjoy movies, chatting,videos,channels,games including sensor based games,android apps like Pandora, CNBC etc. We can also enjoy TV,internet,android apps at the same time with Google TV device. by Anonymous Was this Helpful or Not Helpful Miss-b 30%Helpful Over 90% of the time because of entertainment, then it’s also part of being updated. Television has had a mostly negative effect on society. bahareh Apr 26, 2011, 10:21am #1 Television shows are the most popular program that can amuse people who are interested in watching them. Nowadays, people especially children are depended on TV to spend their time, and they would rather to fill up their schedule by sitting in front of TV and watching it. However, watching TV brings mostly negative effects such as threat to the maintenance of traditional family values, children’s future, and people’s behavior. Nowadays, television threats to the maintenance of traditional family values. Parents spend less time with their children now, and they are too busy to be with their children. However, TV can be the third parent for children, and children are willing to spend the rest of their daily time to watch it instead of being with their parents. However, there were different relationship between parents and children before the TV invention, which was stronger and more connectable. Unfortunately, old values will slowly slip away and new ones, established by TV, will take their place. Watching TV provides many disadvantages for our children’s future and their health. While watching TV, children have less play time and also physical activities in open space with their friends, so they won’t be able to have a healthy life. You read "Advertisement on Tv" in category "Essay examples" Besides, another issue related to watching TV, is a developmental disorder in the part of brain which is for language skill; therefore, children can’t pay attention effectively; have concentration. TV has brought many changes in people’s behavior, and their response to others. Most of TV shows contains of many various advertisements that could affect on people and mainly on their children. People especially children may have early exposure to wild variety of things such as super hero shows like superman and all things that are related to him and his story, so children try to act like Superman whether it is a good behavior or not. Therefore, media such as TV impacts deeply on children mind, and their virtual view of their life. Finally, although television has had many negative effects on our life, it can be a good tool for learning or discovering new subjects. Sometimes, children use it as a resource to increase their knowledge and information, but not spending too much time only on watching it . As a result, people should consider all consequences of watching TV, and other negative circumstances like losing traditional family values or children’s future. Positive impacts on people Positive impacts could be education. There are some very thought provoking and informative shows on tv. It can also give you some needed information about products, services, important dates or alerts, our country, the war, just about anything that is effecting the public at large. Negative could be the allowances of sexuality for minors, negative politics, incorrect information, or if something scary is on it could cause nightmares. positive: helps society remain informed about current events and about other things ( such as nature shows, etc) Positive it give lot’s of information is a very good center of news that keep us in contact with our world. ow they have great learning channels like national geographic , discovery and history channel and more on the negative side most of the entertainment is junk and promote to much ideas for violence and sex to young people. negatives: well, it has been clinically proven that TV’s do not affect your eyesight, so just scratch that out. TV do, howver, require that one spend less time socializing about current events and debating on them, as there are many shows that do exactly this and there is no need for a debate anymore,. This affects sociologically. he media affects EVERYONE,including magazines and other sorts of entertainments.. have u realized that ever since television came out,people started to look at guys differently and changed their own appearance.. sort of like imitating the people ur watching cuzur thinking their so special and you want to be like them so badly that uve become a monster.. lmao.. idont think it has a postive impact excluding entertainment Televison is educational even if its a cartoon there is educational stuff in every show you watch. I really didnt notice that untill a year ago but it is true. So next time when your watching something try and see if you can learn something because I bet you can. Some experts, however, believe that TV is not all that bad. They qualify though that viewing TV can be good if it is done in moderation, and if the program being watched is selected: Some TV shows can educate, inform and inspire. It can be more effective than books or audiotapes in teaching your kid about processes like how a plant grows or how to bake a cake. Studies show that kids who watch educational and non-violent children’s shows do better on reading and math tests than those who do not watch these programs. Kids who watch informative and educational shows as preschoolers tend to watch more informative and educational shows when they get older. They use TV effectively as a complement to school learning. On the other hand, kids who watch more entertainment program watch fewer informative programs as they get older (Macbeth, 1996). Preschoolers who viewed educational programs tend to have higher grades, are less aggressive and value their studies more when they reach high school, according to a long-term study (Anderson, et. al, 2001). Finally, scientists from the University of Siena found that children experience a soothing, painkilling effect by watching cartoons. So perhaps, a little entertainment TV can be a source of relief to kids who are stressed or are in pain. It is hard to avoid television if you are a kid. People in the house are usually tuned in to TV – siblings as well as parents. In some homes, the television is perpetually â€Å"on† even without anyone watching. It is common for parents and caregivers to use TV as a substitute babysitter. Also, many parents buy videos that they think can make their kids smart. But how does watching TV really affect children? The bad news is, the majority of experts think that a TV/video-driven culture has bad effects on kids – and may prevent kids from being smart. They cite the following: TV provides no educational benefits for a child under age 2. Worse, it steals time for activities that actually develop her brain, like interacting with other people and playing. A child learns a lot more efficiently from real interaction – with people and things, rather than things she sees on a video screen. TV viewing takes away the time that your child needs to develop important skills like language, creativity, motor, and social skills. These skills are developed in the kids’ first two years (a critical time for brain development) through play, exploration, and conversation. Your kid’s language skills, for example, do not improve by passively listening to the TV. It is developed by interacting with people, when talking and listening is used in the context of real life. TV viewing numbs your kid’s mind as it prevents your child from exercising initiative, being intellectually challenged, thinking analytically, and using his imagination. TV viewing takes away time from reading and improving reading skills through practice (Comstock, 1991). Kids watching cartoons and entertainment television during pre-school years have poorer pre-reading skills at age 5 (Macbeth, 1996). Also, kids who watch entertainment TV are also less likely to read books and other print media (Wright ; Huston, 1995). According to Speech and language expert Dr. Sally Ward, 20 years of research show that kids who are bombarded by background TV noise in their homes have trouble paying attention to voices when there is also background noise. Kids who watch a lot of TV have trouble paying attention to teachers because they are accustomed to the fast-paced visual stimulation on TV. Kids who watch TV more than they talk to their family have a difficult time adjusting from being visual learners to aural learners (learning by listening). They also have shorter attention spans. School kids who watch too much TV also tend to work less on their homework. When doing homework with TV on the background, kids tend to retain less skill and information. When they lose sleep because of TV, they become less alert during the day, and this results in poor school performance. TV exposes your kid to negative influences, and promotes negative behavior. TV shows and commercials usually show violence, alcohol, drug use and sex in a positive light. The mind of your kid is like clay. It forms early impressions on what it sees, and these early impressions determine how he sees the world and affect his grown-up behavior. For instance, twenty years of research has shown that children who are more exposed to media violence behave more aggressively as kids and when they are older. They are taught by TV that violence is the way to resolve conflict – as when a TV hero beats up a bad guy to subdue him. Kids who watch too much TV are usually overweight, according to the American Medical Association. Kids often snack on junk food while watching TV. They are also influenced by commercials to consume unhealthy food. Also, they are not running, jumping, or doing activities that burn calories and increase metabolism. Obese kids, unless they change their habits, tend to be obese when they become adults. Researchers from the University of Sydney report a link between total screen time and retinal artery width in children. Kids with lots of screen time were found to have narrow artery in their eyes, which may indicate heart risk. TV watching also affects a child’s health and athletic ability. The more television a child watches, even in the first years of life, the more likely he is to be obese and less muscularly fit, according to a study by the University of Montreal. Even though your kid does not aspire to be a football star, his athletic abilities are important not only for physical health, but predicting how physically active he will be as an adult Why people shouldn’t watch too much television Watching television is an experience shared by most adults and children. It is cheap, appealing, and within the reach of the general public. In this way, TV has become an important mass media around the world. Sadly, this resource isn’t used in a way that people could get the best possible benefits from it. The purpose of this essay is to persuade the reader that people shouldn’t watch too much television because the content of many TV programs is not educational; it makes people waste time that could be used in more beneficial activities; and it negatively affects people’s mental development. The first reason why people shouldn’t watch too much television is because the content of many TV programs is not educational. Nowadays, we can see movies, series, and shows that present scenes of violence, sex, and drugs. This has established wrong concepts among the audience that influence them into having a negative behavior. Moreover, the impact this tendency has on children is worse because they grow up with the idea of a world where women must be slender and blonde to stand out, where problems can only be solved with money and violence, and where wars are inevitable. The second reason why people shouldn’t watch too much television is because it makes people waste time that could be used in more beneficial activities. The time we spend watching TV could be applied to useful activities like exercise, reading, interacting with friends and family, activities that are a crucial for a healthy lifestyle. The third reason why people shouldn’t watch too much television is because it negatively affects people’s mental development. According to several scientific studies, watching TV for prolonged periods of time has a negative effect over the intellectual development of children and leads to deterioration of the mental capacity in older people by causing both attention and memory problems in the long term. In conclusion, people shouldn’t watch too much television because the content of many TV programs is not educational; it makes people waste time that could be used in more beneficial activities; and it affects people’s mental development. However, this doesn’t mean that we should ban TV, but if we are going to watch it, we should do it with moderation. Television is a resource that we should learn to use through the right selection of programs by taking an active and critical attitude towards it. Independent Writing: The purpose of television is to educate, not to entertain. o you agree with that? —***— One of the most important inventions of the human’s history is television (TV). Since it was invented, the broadcasting machine has been used for many purposes, it helps people relax, entertain them, not just educates. Obviously, there are many TV programs that are designed to educate people, keep the viewers aware of what are happening in the wide world. Nowadays, in the hasty pace of life, people are spending more and more time on getting knowledge on TV not only for their jobs but also for daily purposes. People can know about the severe war in the Middle East, the presentation of the President or how the NYSE is working. The entertaining purpose of TV is apparent, and it is an important purpose, too. After working hard, a person needs to rest, also, after being educated, he craves for being entertained. Teaching is not all, but teaching and entertaining when go together can have a good effect on TV viewers. The knowledge that they have got earlier can be absorbed more easily later on. They can listen to music, watch game-shows and other pleasure activities. This way, the stress that has strained viewers can be blown out more easily. Not only helping people get out of stress, TV also makes them have new ideas, and thoughts. The colors and sound that they see in many entertainment programs on the screen can somehow affect the brain, motivate it to work in diverse ways, hence the creation of art, songs or even science. The entertaining programs on TV can also connect people all around the world, especially through interactive programs. People can share their opinions, their thoughts about certain global issues, therefore, not only the understanding among countries is improved but also the problems at the time can be solved more easily. Through TV, several songs that bear peace messages, such as â€Å"Heal the world†,can spread to many people, evoking in them the wish for peace and humanity. To sum up, the educating purpose of TV cannot be denied, but is that all while there are also many programs on TV that are designed to make people laugh, cry, be happy or sad? TV should be seen as a device that can both educate and entertain viewers, not just a strict teacher who always forces his learners to be stressful with dry knowledge. How to cite Advertisement on Tv, Essay examples

Thomas Hobbes Essay Example For Students

Thomas Hobbes Essay THE STATE OF NATURE. In his brief introduction to the Leviathan, Hobbes describes the state as an organism analogous to a large person. He shows how each part of the state parallels the function of the parts of the human body. He notes that the first part of his project is to describe human nature, insofar as humans are the creators of the state. To this end, he advises that we look into ourselves to see the nature of humanity in general. Hobbes argues that, in the absence of social condition, every action we perform, no matter how charitable or benevolent, is done for reasons which are ultimately self-serving. For example, when I donate to charity, I am actually taking delight in demonstrating my powers. In its most extreme form, this view of human nature has since been termed psychological egoism. Hobbes believes that any account of human action, including morality, must be consistent with the fact that we are all self-serving. In this chapter. Hobbes speculates how selfish people would behave in a state of nature, prior to the formation of any government He begins noting that humans are essentially equal, both mentally and physically, insofar as even the weakest person has the strength to kill the strongest. Given our equal standing, Hobbes continues noting how we are situations in nature make us naturally prone to quarrel. There are three natural causes of quarrel among people: competition for limited supplies of material possessions, distrust of one another, and glory insofar as people remain hostile to preserve their powerful reputation. Given the natural causes of quarrel, Hobbes concludes that the natural condition of humans is a state of perpetual war of all against all, where no morality exists, and everyone lives in constant fear: In such condition, there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain; and consequently no culture of the earth, no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious build ing, no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth, no account of time, no arts, no letters, no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death; and the life of people, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Hobbes continues offering proofs that the state of nature would be as brutal as he describes. We see signs of this in the mistrust we show of others in our daily lives. In countries which have yet to be civilized people treat are barbaric to each other. Finally, in the absence of international law, strong countries pray on the weakness of weak countries. Humans have three motivations for ending this state of war: the fear of death, the desire to have an adequate living, and the hope to attain this through ones labor. Nevertheless, until the state of war ends, each person has a right to everything, including another persons life. LAWS OF NATURE. In articulating the peace-securing p rocess, Hobbes draws on the language of the natural law tradition of morality, which was then championed by Dutch politician Hugo Grotius (1583-1645). According to Grotius, all particular moral principles derive from immutable principles of reason. Since these moral mandates are fixed in nature, they are thus called laws of nature. By using the jargon of natural law theory, Hobbes is suggesting that, from human self-interest and social agreement alone, one can derive the same kinds of laws which Grotius believes are immutably fixed in nature. Throughout his discussion of morality, Hobbes continually re-defines traditional moral terms (such as right, liberty, contract, and justice) in ways which reflects his account of self-interest and social agreement. For Grotius and other natural law theorists, a law of nature is an unchangeable truth which establishes proper conduct. Hobbes defines a law of nature as follows: A Law of Nature (lex naturalis) is a precept, or general rule, found o ut by reason, by which a person is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that by which he thinks it may be best preserved. Hobbes continues by listing specific laws of nature all of which aim at preserving a persons life. Hobbess first three Laws of Nature are the most important since they establish the overall framework for putting an end to the state of nature. Given our desire to get out of the state of nature, and thereby preserve our lives, Hobbes concludes that we should seek peace. This becomes his first law of nature: That every person ought to endeavor peace as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek and use all helps and advantages of war; the first branch of which rule contains the first and fundamental Law of Nature, which is, To seek peace and follow it; the second, the sum of the right of nature, which is, By all means we can, to defend ourselves. The reasonableness of seeking peace, indicated by the first law, immediately suggests a second law of nature, which is that we mutually divest ourselves of certain rights (such as the right to take another persons life) so to achieve peace: That a person be willing, when others are so too (as far-forth as for peace and defense of himself he shall think it necessary), to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other people, as he would allow other people against himself. The mutual transferring of these rights is called a contract and is the basis of the notion of moral obligation and duty. For example, I agree to give up my right to steal from you, if you give up your right to steal from me. We have then transferred these rights to each other and thereby become obligated to not steal from each other. From selfish reasons alone, we are both motivated to mutually transfer these and other rights, since this will end the dreaded state of war between us. Hobbes continues by discussing the validity of certain contracts. For example, contracts made in the state of nature are not generally binding, for, if I fear that you will violate your part of the bargain, then no true agreement can be reached. No contracts can be made with animals since animals cannot understand an agreement. Most significantly, I cannot contract to give up my right to self-defense since self-defense (or self-preservation) is my sole motive for entering into any contract. OTHER LAWS OF NATURE. Hobbes derives his laws of nature deductively, modeled after the type reasoning used in geometry. That is, from a set of general principles, more specific principles are logically derived. Hobbess general principles are (1) that people pursue only their own self-interest, (2) the equality of people, (3) the causes of quarrel, (4) the natural condition of war, and (5) the motivations for peace. From these he derives the above two laws, along with at least 13 others. Simp ly making contracts will not in and of itself secure peace. We also need to keep the contracts we make, and this is Hobbess third law of nature. Hobbes notes a fundamental problem underlying all contracts: as selfish people, each of us will have an incentive to violate a contract when it serves our best interests. For example, it is in the mutual best interests of Jones and myself to agree to not steal from each other. However, it is also in my best interests to break this contract and steal from Jones if I can get away with it. And, what complicates matters more, Jones is also aware of this fact. Thus, it seems that no contract can ever get off the ground. This is accomplished by giving unlimited power to a political sovereign who will punish us if we violate our contracts. Again, it is for purely selfish reasons (i.e. ending the state of nature) that I agree to set up a policing power which will punish me. As noted, Hobbess first three Laws of Nature establish the overall framewor k for putting an end to the state of nature. The remaining laws give content to the earlier ones by describing more precisely the kinds of contracts which will preserve peace. For example, the fourth law is to show Gratitude toward those who comply with contracts. Otherwise people will regret that they complied when someone is ungrateful. Similarly, the fifth law is that we should be accommodating to the interests of society. For, if we quarrel over every minor issue, then this will interrupt the peace process. Briefly, here are the remaining laws: (6) cautious pardoning of those who commit past offenses; (7) the purpose of punishment is to correct the offender, not an eye for an eye retribution; (8) avoid direct or indirect signs of hatred or contempt of another; (9) avoid pride; (10) retain only those rights which you would acknowledge in others; (11) be equitable (impartial); (12) share in common that which cannot be divided, such as rivers; (13) items which cannot be divided or enjoyed in common should be assigned by lot; (14) mediators of peace should have safe conduct; (15) Resolve disputes through an arbitrator. Hobbes explains that there are other possible laws which are less important, such as those against drunkenness, which tends to the destruction of particular people. At the close of Chapter 15 Hobbes states that morality consists entirely of these Laws of Nature which are arrived at though social contract. Contrary to Aristotles account of virtue ethics, Hobbes adds that moral virtues are relevant to ethical theory only insofar as they promote peace. Outside of this function, virtues have no moral significance. GOVERNMENTS. Hobbes continues in Chapter 17 that to ensure contracts (and peace) power must be given to one person, or one assembly. We do this by saying, implicitly or explicitly, I authorize and give up my right of governing myself, to this person, or to this assembly of people, on this condition, that thou give up thy right to him, and authorize all his actions in like manner. His definition of a commonwealth, then, is this: One person, of whose acts a great multitude, by mutual covenants on with another, have mad themselves every on the author, to the end he may use the strength and means of them all, as he shall think expedient, for their peace and common defense This person is called a sovereign. He continues that there are two ways of establishing a commonwealth: through acquisition (force), or through institution (agreement). In Chapter 18 Hobbes lists the rights of rights of sovereigns. They are, (1) Subjects owe him sole loyalty; (2) Subjects cannot be freed from their obligation; (3) Dissenters must consent with the majority in declaring a sovereign; (4) Sovereign cannot be unjust or injure any subject; (5) The sovereign cannot be put to death; (6) The right to censor doctrines repugnant to peace; (7) Legislative power of prescribing rules; (8) Judicial power of deciding all controversies; (9) Make war and peace with other nations; (10) Choose counselors; (11) Power of reward and punishment; (12) Power of all civil appointments, including the militia. In Chapter 19 he discusses the kinds of governments that can be instituted. The three main forms are monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. He argues that monarchy is best for several reasons. Monarchs interests are the same as the peoples. He will receive better counsel since he can select experts and get advice in private. His policies will be more consistent. Finally, there is less chance of a civil war since the monarch cannot disagree with himself. Bibliography:www.fuckface.com .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf , .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .postImageUrl , .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf , .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf:hover , .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf:visited , .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf:active { border:0!important; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf:active , .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u832043fc607bdd0ce58a3b8508298cdf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Defining the Humanities Essay We will write a custom essay on Thomas Hobbes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Maria Gaetana Agnesi essays

Maria Gaetana Agnesi essays Maria Agnesi was born in Milan, Italy on May 16, 1718. During her lifetime she accomplished quite a bit. She was the first woman in the western part of the world to be officially and accurately referred to as a Mathematician. Her largest accomplishment and publication was published when Sir Isaac Newton was still alive and his studies most likely contributed to her own. Nevertheless, Agnesi deserves recognition not only for her mathematical publications but for all she contributed to math, science, and the western world as a whole. She began her studies of mathematics a very early age. In fact, she began studying all subject matters at the tender age of four years old. This was due to many factors. For one, her father, Pietro Agnesi and mother, Anna Brivio were learned people. Pietro was a professor at the University of Bologna and encouraged Marias interest in scientific matters. He made sure she was tutored at home by a string of distinguished professors. They challenged her by having her come up with her own theses. She was then to discuss and defend them among leading scholars. She eventually gained their respect, and according to historians, their admiration as well. Mathematics was not her only strong subject matter. She was considered to be a genius linguist. Her native language is Italian, but by age five, Agnesi learned to speak French fluently. By the time she was nine, she was able to speak, write, and read Latin. Finally, by age eleven, she could translate Greek, German, Spanish, and even Hebrew. During her years of tutor, a scholar would ask her a question is his native tongue and she would answer him in his languagewhatever that may have been. She also covered subjects such as ontology, botany, zoology, mineralogy and many more. At age seventeen, Maria composed her first manuscript and even though her tutors considered it to be excellent work, it was neve ...

Is C the Most Common Answer on the SAT

Is C the Most Common Answer on the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips No doubt you’ve heard one piece of advice more than any other when it comes to test-taking: â€Å"If you need to guess on a multiple choice test, always pick C.† But is the popularity of this strategy an indication of its efficacy? Do you have a better chance at gaining points if you guess C on your SAT questions in comparison toany other guessing strategy? And if not, what can you do to improve your odds when guessing? Let’s look at the facts. Why You Should Answer Every Question on the SAT First things first: the old SAT is dead and gone, and so is any guessing penalty. You will not be penalized for getting a wrong answer on the SAT, so make sure to never leave a question blank! For every correct answer you choose, you’ll earn one point, and for every blank or wrong answer, you’ll earn zero points. If you don't know an answer and guess it wrong, you'll gain the same number of points that you would have had you left it blank (zero). And if you guess the question right, you'll earn yourself one point! Of course, guessing is still a last resort, sinceit’s always better to try to find the correct answer first whenever possible. But sometimes you’ll have no choice but to guess and that'swhere guessing strategy is key. There are two main types of guessing- educated guessing and blind guessing- and you’ll have to figure out which one to use based on the situation you find yourself in. So let's break down how and when to go about making each type of guess. Educated Guessing An educated guess is a guess based on some amount of reason and understanding, whether it be large or small. Typically, an educated guess means you’re able to eliminate one or more answer optionsor estimate a reasonable ballpark range in which the correct answer can lie. For instance, you can make an educated guess if you: Understand the gist of a question, but don't have the time to work through it completely Understand parts of a question, but don’t quite know how to work through it completely Are torn between a few answer options, but have some idea of what the answer can or can’t be For example, let's look at an SAT math problem: If you're not familiar with either the coordinate plane or slopes, or you just don't think you can solve this problem for any reason, then you can at least make an educated guess and increase your chances of picking the correct answer. It's all too easy to panic and choose an obviously wrong answerwhen you're taking a marathon test like the SAT, so try to take a beat and think strategically before you fill in a bubble. In a geometry problem like this, figures will generally be drawn to scale unless there's a specific line of text that says otherwise. If you know that coordinates are written as (x, y), then you know that p represents the value along the x-axis. (And if you didn't know this, then you can still infer it by seeing that the point (p, 0) has a rise of 0, which means thatp must be the value along the x-axis, not the y-axis.) You can immediately eliminate answer choices A and B, since they will be too small to equal p. Why? Ifyou eyeball where the -5 is along the x-axis and place a rough approximate at the opposite side on +5, you'll see why you can cross off A and B straight away. C or D must be the correctanswer because they are the only answer options where p is greater than 5. And, since the estimated location for +5 looks about halfway between 0 and p, Dis probably the best guess between the two options. [Spoiler: D is totally the right answer] Blind Guessing The second category of guesswork is blind guessing, which is a guess based more on chance than on reason. It's time to make a blind guess if you: Come up against a question and have absolutely no clue where to begin Areabout to run out of time and still have questions left to answer If you can’t eliminate any answer options (or don’t even have the time to read the question), you just have to fill in an answer bubble and keep going. Leaving a question blank is tantamount to throwing your points away, so you may as well fill in something. But when you have to make a blind guess like this (or multiple blind guesses), are you better off choosing C than any other answer choice? Let's see. Having a strategy makes any journey easier, and it's no exceptionfor the SAT Fact or Fiction: Is C the Most Common Answer on the SAT? If it were true that you're better off choosing C than any other letter, itwould mean that correct answer choices weren't randomly assigned.After all, if the answer keys were randomized, why should C be any more likely to be the right answer than any other letter option? Now, true randomization will depend on the type of test in question. Someof your high school teachers likely design their tests by hand, which means that their answer keys will not be statistically random. No matter how much your teachers may try to randomize their choices, human beings are NOT random and cannot properly randomize a series. For instance, a truly random sampling will actually produce bizarre strings of patterns- six B’s in a row, or twenty questions without a D- and most people do not (or cannot) create these patterns when they try their best to be â€Å"random.† Fortunately or unfortunately, this is NOT the case on the SAT. Unlike many of the tests you take in high school, SAT answer keys are completely computer generated. And computers are very good at being random. Every answer choice on the SAT will have a statistically even distribution of 1 in 4 for each answer choice letter, A, B, C, or D. In other words? There is no most common answer on the SAT. Ultimately, guessing C (or any letter!) will give you the correct answer only a statistical 25% of the time. Which means it's NOT true that choosing C will give you a better rate of success than choosing any other letter for your blind guessing. What to do, then? So How Should You Guess? If C isn't the most common answer on the SAT, then how should you guess? The truth is, that when it comes to making blind guesses, it doesn't matter which letter you pick, only that you stick to the one you choose every time you make a blind guess. The best strategy, and the one that will maximize your overall point gain, is to pick your favorite letter and fill it in for every blind guess. Whether that letter is A, B, C, or D doesn't matter- just be sure to stick with it every single time. So, if you like it best, then definitely go right ahead and choose C to be your designated letter! (Just don't expect C to be abetteranswer choice than A, B, or D.) But maybe youthinkthat this strategy soundsillogical. Why would you be better off filling in the same letter over and over again instead of doing your best to create a random guess spread? Let’s see. Once you pick a guessing path, just keep going forward and don't deviate! Why Does Sticking to One Letter Increase Your Odds of Guessing the Right Answer? Sticking by the same letter for every blind guess won’t increase your chances of getting any one particular question correct, but it will maximize your total point gain potential. Why? Because people aren’t random. If you’re making your own "random" blind guesses in a spread, you’ll almost certainly reduce your overall guessing odds. Your best attempt at random guessing can never replicate computer-generated randomness. By sticking to your same designated letter when making blind guesses, you are re-introducing an element of randomness and maximizing your chances for success over time. Let’s see this in action to better demonstrate why this works. Scenario: you’re down to the wire, and you’ve run out of minutes on the clock. You have 15 questions left and only a few seconds to bubble in your answers. There’s no time to even look at the questions, so now you’ll have to make the best blind guesses you can and figure out how to get as many points as possible before it’s pencils down. You’re left with two options: make a random guess spread, or fill in every letter with the same answer choice. Let’s see how each option does when compared to a real SAT answer guide [note: we are using the first 15 answers from the reading section of the 2016SAT test #1]. (Note: for our random spread, we tried to guess as randomly as we could without looking at the answer key, and for our consistent letter, we simply went with C.) â€Å"Random† Spread Consistent Guess (C) Correct Answers D C B A C B A C C D C A C C C B C D B C D B C B D C C C C B D C A A C B C C D B C A D C A By trying our best to guess randomly, we earned 2 points, but by sticking by a consistent choice of C, we earned 3 points (and spared ourselves the effort of trying to be "random"). Again, sticking to the same letter won't work better for each individual question, but on average and over a spread, the strategy will let you maximize your total point-gain. If you gotta roll the dice anyway, you may as well learnhow to do it in your favor The Take-Aways Is C the correct answer more often than any other? No. But is it the best letter to choose when you're in a bind and don't know what the right answer choice is? Well, yes and no. When it comes to making guesses, try to eliminate answer choices whenever possible. But if you can't, and you must make a blind guess, then stick to one letter and run with it every single time. If you want this letter to be C, then go right ahead! Just make sure you stick with it for each and every guess. C isn't any better or worse than any other letter, or any more likely to be the correct answer, but if you decide to stick with it for every blind guess you make, you'll have a better chance of success than if you try your best to be "random." What's Next? You've learned how to make the best possible guess on the SAT when you're in a bind, but remember that eliminating answer choices is always better! Check out our guideto eliminating answer optionson the SAT. Want more SAT practice? We've gotall the SATs available online, free and available for you to take aspractice. Not sure what SAT score to aim for? Check out what makes a "good" or "bad" SAT score and how to find the perfect score goal for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today: